Modern science is typically divided into three major branches:[16] natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study the physical world; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies;[17][18] and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by axioms and rules.[19][20] There is disagreement whether the formal sciences are science disciplines,[21][22][23] because they do not rely on empirical evidence.[24][22] Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine.[25][26][27]
The ancient Mesopotamians used knowledge about the properties of various natural chemicals for manufacturing pottery, faience, glass, soap, metals, lime plaster, and waterproofing.[44] They studied animal physiology, anatomy, behavior, and astrology for divinatory purposes.[45] The Mesopotamians had an intense interest in medicine[44] and the earliest medical prescriptions appeared in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur.[46] They seem to study scientific subjects which have practical or religious applications and have little interest of satisfying curiosity.[44]
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Johannes Kepler and others challenged the notion that the only function of the eye is perception, and shifted the main focus in optics from the eye to the propagation of light.[81][83] Kepler is best known, however, for improving Copernicus' heliocentric model through the discovery of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the Harmony of the Spheres.[84] Galileo had made significant contributions to astronomy, physics and engineering. However, he became persecuted after Pope Urban VIII sentenced him for writing about the heliocentric model.[85]
Early in the 19th century, John Dalton suggested the modern atomic theory, based on Democritus's original idea of indivisible particles called atoms.[108] The laws of conservation of energy, conservation of momentum and conservation of mass suggested a highly stable universe where there could be little loss of resources. However, with the advent of the steam engine and the industrial revolution there was an increased understanding that not all forms of energy have the same energy qualities, the ease of conversion to useful work or to another form of energy.[109] This realization led to the development of the laws of thermodynamics, in which the free energy of the universe is seen as constantly declining: the entropy of a closed universe increases over time.[a]
Applied science is the use of the scientific method and knowledge to attain practical goals and includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine.[153][27] Engineering is the use of scientific principles to invent, design and build machines, structures and technologies.[154] Science may contribute to the development of new technologies.[155] Medicine is the practice of caring for patients by maintaining and restoring health through the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of injury or disease.[156][157] The applied sciences are often contrasted with the basic sciences, which are focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict events in the natural world.[158][159]
From IITs to other prominent universities, India has some of the finest colleges for pursuing Chemical Engineering at undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels. Here are the top colleges for chemical engineering in India:
Are you planning to study abroad? One of the perks of studying a course from a foreign university is that it gives you global exposure, industry experience and you can learn from the multicultural environment. Here are the top chemical engineering colleges abroad:
Chemical Engineering syllabus involves the study of designing, manufacturing and operating machinery and plant to achieve large-scale industrial chemical, biological and related processes. Moreover, professionals in this field are working to translate chemical information to formulate designs of valuable products. This makes Chemical Engineering one of the most popular and lucrative career options for students who are discovering something new about the nature of the world. 2ff7e9595c